The Media Gives People A Distorted View Of Criminals .

The Media Gives People a Distorted View of Criminals Danielle Molisani Caledonia-Mumford Abstract This paper is about the way a person views criminals due to the media. Criminals can range from small offences such as robbery to more serious offences such as murder. Newspaper, magazines, books, and television are all examples of different ways a person can use media to gain knowledge about certain incidents. The media alters the way a person will view an incident because the source will only show select information. When the viewer continually sees the same persona of criminal, stereotypes start to form regarding characteristics of the criminal and their action regarding the crime committed. Introduction When you think of a†¦show more content†¦With all the various types of mass media it can consume a person s everyday life and impact how they view the world. A research study indicated people on average spend 15 hours a week watching television and 20% report their main source of news comes from the newspaper (Dowler, 2003). Due to long hours watching the television or reading the newspaper, the media alters people’s perceptions. The media can be selective in what they share with the public. This leads to incomplete information and voluntary reporting which creates false news (Hitch, 1998). The media is smart in what they portray to the public, they often report highly unlikely and unusual stories to grab the viewer s interest. The media can do this by giving large amounts of air time to sensationalized news incidents such as murder. The media makes criminals celebrities. Everyone knows the names of Jack the Ripper, Al Capone, and O.J. Simpson however, few know the names of all of their victims (Spitzberg, 2002). The media covered these incidences and most people received information about the cases from a media source. Due to large coverage serial killer merchandise such as t-shirts and posters have been put on the market for sale due to popular interest (Serial Killer and Popular Culture, 2003). The knowledge of these people and their crimes come from the media and is broadcasted to the public. The media gives the viewer insight into the criminal,Show MoreRelatedThe Crime Is An Act Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagesinfatuated with criminal behaviour and the concept of crime itself, wither it is known through personal experience or daily conversations or more accurately through the media e.g. from films, newspapers and books etc. Media production goes through a process of mediation in which professional producer s select and reject which stories are news worthy or not. 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At crime scenes, lasers provide lighting to trackRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Minority Groups899 Words   |  4 Pagesentire community of people of the same religion, color or ethnicity etc. as terrorists or evil or with any other form of bigotry cannot be acceptable either. However, the mainstream media today tries to foster hate and intolerance among people towards minority groups. The shift in journalism from providing public with information to providing personal opinions and views is one of the major flaws in the media today and is a vital aspect of media bias. The fact that journalists, media celeb rities and activistsRead MoreA Nation Of Laws Must Rely On Law Enforcement1329 Words   |  6 PagesImagine what it would be like to live in a world without any laws or authority figures? For some people that projects an image of relief and bliss due to the fact that they can literally do what they please. 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Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) - 1359 Words

This paper explores the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The virus has infected two million adults and children by the year 2005 already. The virus continues to race around the world, and new HIV infections are at 50,000 per year (Martine Peeters, Matthieu Jung, Ahidjo Ayouba) (2013). The final outcome of the HIV infection is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). There are many treatments that have developed to help the large number of people infected (Demmer, 2002). HIV greatly spread throughout Africa while originating with African chimpanzees. There are many different theories as to what started the HIV outbreaks, but all theories come to the same conclusion that there†¦show more content†¦Origins of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus The human immunodeficiency virus infecting humans originated as a natural infection from chimpanzees. HIV sporadically infected rural people that lived in isolated areas amongst the Congo. David M. Hills (2000) states in â€Å"Origins of HIV† that the virus had deadly outcomes. It quickly adapted to human beings. This became a human disease transmitted through blood and sexual contact. Tracing HIV to its roots, physicians recognized this virus as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and Kaposi’s sarcoma found in young homosexual men (Peeters et al., 2013). These observations are the beginning of an alertness of the HIV epidemic in the United States. The final outcome of the HIV infection is the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) (Dennis H Osmond; Susan Buchbinder; Amber Cheng; Allison Graves) (2002). There are two subtypes of the virus, HIV-1 and HIV-2. They both originate from the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) which was found in Africa. The source of the HIV-1 virus was in chimpanzees coming from central Africa. The source of HIV-2 virus was from west Africa derived from Soot Mangabey Monkeys (Rambout et al., 2001). HIV belongs to a family of viruses known as lentiviruses. Paul M. Sharp and Beatrice H. Hahn (2011) explain in their article that lentiviruses are viruses that slowly act over a long period of

Comparison Of Perugino And Caravaggio Essay Example For Students

Comparison Of Perugino And Caravaggio Essay The artists of the Baroque had a remarkably different style than artists of the Renaissance due to their different approach to form, space, and composition. This extreme differentiation in style resulted in a very different treatment of narrative. Perhaps this drastic stylistic difference between the Renaissance and Baroque in their treatment of form, space, and composition and how these characteristics effect the narrative of a painting cannot be seen more than in comparing Peruginos Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to St. Peter from the Early Renaissance to Caravaggios Conversion of St. Paul from the Baroque.Perugino was one of the greatest masters of the Early Renaissance whose style ischaracterized by the Renaissance ideals of purity, simplicity, and exceptional symmetry of composition. His approach to form in Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to St.Peter was very linear. He outlined all the figures with a black line giving them a sense of stability, permanence, and power in their environment, but restricting the figures sense of movement. In fact, the figures seem to not move at all, but rather are merely locked at a specific moment in time by their rigid outline. Peruginos approach to the figuresthemselves is extremely humanistic and classical. He shines light on the figures in a clear, even way, keeping with the rational and uncluttered meaning of the work. His figures are all locked in a contrapposto pose engaging in intellectual conversation with their neighbor, giving a strong sense of classical rationality. The figures are repeated over and over such as this to convey a rational response and to show the viewer clarity. Peruginos approach to space was also very rational and simple. He organizes space along three simple planes: foreground, middle ground, and background. Christ and Saint Peter occupy the center foreground and solemn choruses of saints and citizens occupy the rest of the foreground. The middle distance is filled with miscellaneous figures, which complement the front group, emphasizing its density and order, by their scattered arrangement. Buildings from the Renaissance and triumphal arches from Roman antiquity occupy the background, reinforcing the overall classical message to the painting even though the event represented in the painting took place long before the Roman Empire. The center temple that occupies the background has a vanishing point running through its doorway and if it werent for this illusionistic technique, the painting would be very two-dimensional. The combination of the vanishing point with three well-defined planes interlocks both two-dimensional and three-dimensional space, as well as organizing the action in the painting systematically.Peruginos approach to composition was, keeping conventional with the Renaissance style, also very rational and orderly. He employed the Early Renaissance compositional triangle giving clarity, static balance, and symmetrical order to the painting. At the base of the triangle, the central figures of Christ and Saint Peter are placed to give clarity to the subject matter. The static, straight lines used in his overall composition do not make the eye move from place to place, but rather makes the eye look at each object itself, see how it relates to the other objects around it, and then see how all the separate figures come together and create harmony. The overall clarity of the form, space, and composition that Perugino presents in this painting gives an overall clarity of narrative. In Renaissance art, the aim was the persuasion of the observer to the subject through the imitation of nature and beauty. Thus, Perugino gives the observer simple geometric forms in his composition that are found in nature and the repetition of basic forms that are found in nature. He paints beauty through clarity achieved by static balance and clarity achieved by clear lighting over the forms of his figures. All these elements of the Renaissance style and the goal of achieving symmetrical balance and clarity in a painting gives the painting a rational or classical narrative and the viewer a rational experience. .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1 , .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1 .postImageUrl , .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1 , .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1:hover , .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1:visited , .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1:active { border:0!important; } .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1:active , .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1 .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub318e37ec1f56702bab08c716c0185c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Transcendentalism Essay The Baroque painter, Caravaggio, was the complete opposite of any Renaissance painter that had lived before him and because of this was probably the most revolutionary artist of his time. He abandoned the rules that had guided a century of artists before him and because of his dramatic break in style from the Italian Renaissance, he yields a completely different treatment of narrative.Caravaggios treatment of form in his Conversion of St. Paul is, to say the least, remarkably different from Peruginos treatment of form in his work. Instead of outlining Paul and his horse with lines, Caravaggio abandons this static style and implies movement by using a painterly style in which he uses paint to create an image and not rigid outlines. He uses color and value to create form, causing a sense of movement in the figures. They are not locked in time like Peruginos figures and convey the exact opposite message of classical, passive figures. These are strong, vibrant, and emotional figures. Perhaps the emotional aspect of the figures is created by Caravaggios introduction of dramatic light and dark effects, termed tenebrism. This technique was a great breakthrough in art, which added great emotional effects and mystery to the art. Caravaggio doesnt light Paul with a clear even light like Perugino would have, he gives Paul a dramatic light radiating out of his body for a conversion is a mysterious experience and the painting, Caravaggio believes, should portray this. In Peruginos work, there was a repetition of basic forms, which gives it order and clarity. In Caravaggios, there is not any repetition of forms. Paul is on his back, a man leans over to look at him, and his horse is in a spooked position. This variety of forms implies movement and adds emotional interest to the painting, rather than classical understanding.Rather than organizing space in simple planes like Perugino, Caravaggio does not apply planes to his work. Instead, he creates a receding effect in which planes gradually recede in to the distance. Again, this adds interest and mystery to the painting.He creates receding space by an implied vanishing point rather than the one that Perugino gives the observer. His perspective comes from a diagonal upwards, bringing the viewer into the painting as close as possible to the space and action of the scene. This diagonal,combined with the dramatic light effects in the painting, create an emotional response from the observer. While Peruginos approach to composition was symmetry and static balance, Caravaggios approach to composition was movement and dynamic balance. The predominant geometric shape in Conversion of St. Paul is not a static, symmetrical triangle, but a dynamic oval. This oval is not really there, but is implied by dynamic lines on the outer edges of figures. The oval shape implies great movement and gives the painting dynamic balance. The implied movement forces the eye to move and comprehend all of the figures in the painting as a whole, unlike Peruginos figures that exist in and of themselves and come together to create harmony. The figures in Caravaggios work have to exist with the other figures in the painting to be complete and this adds great mystery to the painting. Caravaggio brought new life and immediacy to the emotional aspect of painting. He abandoned the rules of Renaissance artists like Perugino that had idealized the human and religious experience, he rejected the preciosity of Renaissance theory and practice, and his emotional insight into his Conversion of St. Paul, was ideally suited to the aims of the Catholic Reformation. For the goal of Caravaggio as a Baroque artist, was to illustrate the subject in an emotional way, present an emotional narrative, and thus, get an emotional response. .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba , .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba .postImageUrl , .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba , .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba:hover , .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba:visited , .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba:active { border:0!important; } .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba:active , .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u31a3f5c5a02ccaddbbde4904041e47ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: 12 Angry Men Essay His overall representation of dynamic balance, painterly forms, variety of forms, gradual recession of space, and tenebrism create heightened mystery and that emotional narrative. Peruginos art was the art of classical persuasion, but Caravaggios art was the art of heightened persuasion because it persuaded the emotions.

The Different Roles Played By the Central Bank, Depository Institutions, and Depositors in the Determination of Money Supply

Introduction Until 2007 when a serious financial crisis engulfed the financial services sector, the mechanisms through which money circulated in the economy were considered as fully mastered by bankers, particularly central bankers. As such, central banks could effectively control these mechanisms by playing around with monetary control tools.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Different Roles Played By the Central Bank, Depository Institutions, and Depositors in the Determination of Money Supply specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On their part, depository institutions and depositors were also considered to play a largely defined role in the money supply. The shattering impact that the financial crisis had on monetary supply led to the need to relook into the traditional roles of these institutions which, together with the changes that have occurred in the way central banks control money supply, are explored in th is paper. The role of central banks in determination of money supply A Central Bank (referred to as the Federal Reserve Bank in the United States) is the financial institution mandated with the responsibility of controlling a country’s (or an economically unified region’s, like the European Union’s) monetary policy, value of currency, and credit supply. It also serves as banker to the government as well as of financial institutions, issues currency and ensures stability in the financial system of an economy, among other roles. The central bank in the United Kingdom is the Bank of England. Established in 1684, it served as banker to the government of England until late in the 18th century when its control was expanded to cover the whole of the UK. In regard to its role in determining the amount of money circulating in the economy as well as how the money moves around, the central bank is the sole issuer of national currency (the sterling pound) in England and Wal es. The central bank determines the optimal amount of money that should be circulating in the economy (monetary stability) through several monetary tools. One of the main tools is open market operation where the central bank, on behalf of the government, sets or manipulates the official interest rates on government securities such as Treasury Bills which, in turn, influences financial markets ‘prevailing lending rates. By setting, for example, the yield of Treasury Bills to be higher than the market rate of lending, the central bank is able to control the amount of money circulating in the economy (in this case the amount of money in circulation is reduced as people are induced to buy and hold short-term government securities which would earn them a decent return in the short-term, unlike cash which does not earn interest) (Adrian and Shin 2009, p.13). Manipulation of interest rates also helps the central bank to control the rate of inflation in an economy as well as improve t he strength of the currency of the country or an integrated monetary region.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Manipulation of overnight lending rates, otherwise referred to as short-term interest rate setting, is yet another important tool through which a central bank is able to effectively control the amount of money circulating in an economy. As this is the rate of lending in the inter-bank markets, a move to raise it has the consequence of raising the cost of borrowing not only between banks but also for consumers as banks tend to pass down the increase in cost to the final borrowers. Therefore, the borrowing from banks reduces along with the amount of money circulating in an economy. The discount window is yet another tool which not permits a central bank to set monitory policies but also allows depository institutions – in case they find themselves in shortage of reserve balances – to borrow these from central banks under certain conditions set by the bank and at a specified (usually higher) rate (Brunnermeier, Crockett, Goodhart, Persaud and Shin 2009, p.16). The discount window has the effect of reducing money supply in the economy; a higher rate of borrowing only increases the cost of borrowing to the banks and subsequently to the final borrowers, which discourages borrowing. Central banks also require depository institutions to maintain a certain proportion of deposits taken as reserves in the form of cash. This cash is to be kept in their vault or be deposited at the central banks. Depository institutions and money supply Deposit institutions such as credit unions, savings banks, savings and loans associations, and more importantly commercial banks, hold a significantly large proportion of a the money stock of a country and, therefore, play a critically important role in the supply of money to the economy, as well as the transmis sion of monetary policies to the real economy through the financial services markets, depositors/savers, and borrowers (The Federal Reserve Bank of New York n.d, p.1). Depository institutions hold money in the form of various types of deposits transfer of which they allow to enable payments. Also, one of their core businesses is lending of the funds they hold directly to businesses and direct consumers. These functions, in addition to the banks investing directly in securities, make depository institutions the focal point of money distribution in an economy (Bodie, Kane and Marcus 2008, p.523). As such, they play a critical role in acting as the link between savers and borrowers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Different Roles Played By the Central Bank, Depository Institutions, and Depositors in the Determination of Money Supply specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Commercial banks, in spited of a considerably decline in their share of business, still enjoy the lion’s share of business as well as influence so far as taking of deposits and lending activities are concerned. Money creation by commercial banks: The requirement by central banks that depository institutions maintain a minimum reserve for deposits taken brings about the concept of money creation by depository institutions. Consider a bank with a total of  £100,000 in deposits: If, for instance, the central bank requires that 10% of all deposits taken be set aside as minimum reserve, then the commercial bank taking the deposit – ideally speaking – would be left with  £90,000 to lend out to borrowers (90% of the deposits). If the borrower deposits the full amount in the same or another bank, the ten percent minimum reserve rule will apply to the deposit just as in the first deposit, and the bank will have  £81,000 to lend out after setting aside  £9,000 as minimum reserve. If, hypothetically, the proce ss continues until the there is no possibility of re-lending the money (the excess amount available for lending out is zero), the accumulated amount from the above chain of multiple deposit expansion would be  £1,000,000;  £ 900,000 more than the original deposit. Thus, through this process, â€Å"money† is said to have been â€Å"created† by the depository institution (Baumol and Blinder 2009, p.636). This â€Å"excess† amount can similarly be determined using the money multiplayer equation which states; Money Multiplier = 1/Reserve RequirementAdvertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In reality, leakage of money in the banking system occurs because not tall money borrowed in a bank or any other depository institution is re-deposited into a depository institution; leave alone the money being deposited into the bank from which the funds were originally borrowed (Baumol and Blinder 2009, p.637). A fraction of it, for instance, is likely to be held as currency. This leakage diminishes the money multiplier to an amount less than the inverse of the required minimum reserve, thus reducing the amount of money created through the multiple deposit expansion process. Depositors in the determination of the money supply The role of depositors in money supply can best be explained by the concept of money creation as discussed in the preceding topic. Through their decision on what proportion of their money to hold in the form of cash and what proportion to deposit as savings in depository institution, depositors tremendously influence the flow of money in an economy. How the c onduct of monetary policy by central banks changed during the recent credit crunch The financial crisis that began in 2007 highlighted the changing role of financial institutions. Unlike in the past where central banks were in virtually total control of inflation as well as business cycles, deflation – rather than inflation – became a huge source of worry for central banks and economists alike as interest rates tumbled towards zero rate (The Economist 2009, p.1). In addition, it became extremely hard to do pricing of risks leave alone doing efficient allocation of credit (Adrian and Shin 2009a, p.603). As a result of the financial crisis, central banks have been forced to re-examine the traditional approaches to monetary and fiscal control and have had to reach for other untested monetary as well as fiscal tools. One of the most important changes in the way of doing business adopted by central banks has been central banks taking on the responsibility of making some of the fundamental judgments about the financial markets previously left to the â€Å"rational and efficient† private sector. This was essentially triggered by the significantly huge blow that the traditionally balanced relationship between players in the financial markets suffered at the height of the financial crisis (Drehmann, Sorensen and Stringa 2006, p.4). Therefore, central banks – through combining more kinds of collateral and credit, as well as credit periods – expanded their lending activities. For instance, the ECB (European Central Bank) began guaranteeing loans taken by commercial banks for a period of up to six months; up from the traditional one week. In the US, the ‘fed’ decided to begin providing loans to investment banks in dire need of cash, the Bank of Japan took more drastic measures by buying equities in stressed banks. On its part, the central bank in Switzerland, Swiss National Bank, went as far as trying to artificially manipul ate the price of its currency. In regard to the changes that occurred in the way central banks conduct their business, the banks found themselves with no choice but to turn from being lenders of last resort to lenders of both first and last resort after commercial banks could no longer trust each others’ ability to repay loans acquired through inter-bank borrowing (Adrian and Shin 2009b). Consequent to the above developments, central banks have been given more authority by their home governments to conduct in-depth supervision of financial institutions. This move, although widely seen as largely necessary to tame rouge bankers, comes with some negative implications. For example, it has the potential of dragging politics into the running of central banks across the world, which challenges a vital element of the pre-2007 consensus about central banking: that central should be separated from politics completely (Levine 2010, p.11). This isolation had effectively managed to repel strong desires by politicians â€Å"to play fast and loose† with inflation (The Economist 2009, p.4). Conclusion Central banks and depository institutions play a tremendous role in managing the circulation of money in an economy. However, the 2007 financial crisis had a huge impact on the traditional perspectives on how money moves around in an economy. Serious doubts emerged about the effectiveness of the monetary control approaches and tools traditionally adopted by central bankers in handling tumulus economic times. Thus, central banks have been forced to re-look into the tools they have traditionally adopted in managing the financial services industry. Also, it is recommended that central banks improvise some of the monetary control tools. Reference List Adrian T, and Shin HS (2010) [internet] The Changing Nature of Financial Intermediation and the Financial Crisis of 2007-09, Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report No. 439. Web. 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