Karl Marxs Greatest Hits

Karl Marx's Greatest Hits Karl Marx, conceived May 5, 1818, is viewed as one of the establishing scholars of human science, alongside Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Harriet Martineau. In spite of the fact that he lived and kicked the bucket before humanism was a control in its own right, his compositions as a political-financial expert gave a still profoundly significant establishment for speculating the connection among economy and political force. In this post, we respect Marxs birth by commending a portion of his most significant commitments to human science. Marxs Dialectic Historical Materialism Marx is regularly associated with giving human science a contention hypothesis of how society works. He figured this hypothesis by first turning a significant philosophical principle of the day on its headthe Hegelian Dialectic. Hegel, a main German logician during Marxs early investigations, guessed that public activity and society became out of thought. Taking a gander at his general surroundings, with the developing impact of industrialist industry on every single other aspect of society, Marx saw things in an unexpected way. He reversed Hegels logic, and estimated rather that it is the current types of economy and productionthe material worldand our encounters inside these that shape thought and awareness. Of this, he composed in Capital, Volume 1, The perfect is nothing else than the material world reflected by the human brain, and converted into types of thought. Center to the entirety of his hypothesis, this point of view got known as recorded realism. Base and Superstructure Marx gave human science some significant applied devices as he built up his chronicled realist hypothesis and technique for examining society. In The German Ideology, composed with Friedrich Engels, Marx clarified that society is separated into two domains: the base, and the superstructure. He characterized the base as the material parts of society: that which consider creation of merchandise. These incorporate the methods for productionfactories and material resourcesas well as the relations of creation, or the connections between individuals included, and the particular jobs they play (like workers, directors, and industrial facility proprietors), as required by the framework. Per his chronicled realist record of history and how society capacities, the base decides the superstructure, whereby the superstructure is all different parts of society, similar to our way of life and philosophy (world perspectives, values, convictions, information, standards and desires); social foundati ons like instruction, religion, and media; the political framework; and even the characters we buy in to. Class Conflict and Conflict Theory When taking a gander at society along these lines, Marx saw that the dissemination of influence to decide how society worked was organized in a top-down way, and was firmly constrained by the well off minority who possessed and controlled the methods for creation. Marx and Engels spread out this hypothesis of class strife in The Communist Manifesto, distributed in 1848. They contended that the bourgeoisie, the minority in power, made class struggle by misusing the work intensity of the low class, the laborers who made the arrangement of creation run by offering their work to the decision class. By charging unmistakably more for the merchandise delivered than they paid the low classes for their work, the proprietors of the methods for creation earned benefit. This game plan was the premise of the entrepreneur economy at the time that Marx and Engels composed, and it remains the premise of it today. Since riches and influence are unevenly conveyed between these two classes, Marx and Engels contended that society is in a ceaseless condition of contention, wherein the decision class work to keep up the high ground over the larger part regular workers, so as to hold their riches, influence, and generally advantage. (To gain proficiency with the subtleties of Marxs hypothesis of the work relations of free enterprise, see Capital, Volume 1.) Bogus Consciousness and Class Consciousness In The German Ideology and The Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels clarified that the standard of the bourgeoisie is accomplished and kept up in the domain of the superstructure. That is, the premise of their standard is ideological. Through their control of legislative issues, media, and instructive organizations, people with significant influence proliferate a perspective that recommends that the framework as it is correct and simply, that is intended to benefit all, and that it is even common and unavoidable. Marx alluded to the powerlessness of the regular workers to see and comprehend the idea of this abusive class relationship as bogus awareness, and estimated that in the long run, they would build up an unmistakable and basic comprehension of it, which would be class cognizance. With class cognizance, they would have consciousness of the real factors of the classed society in which they lived, and of their own job in recreating it. Marx contemplated that once class awar eness had been accomplished, a laborer drove upset would topple the abusive framework. Summation These are the thoughts that are key to Marxs hypothesis of economy and society, and are what made him so essential to the field of human science. Obviously, Marxs composed work is very voluminous, and any devoted understudy of humanism ought to take part in a nearby perusing of whatever number of his fills in as could reasonably be expected, particularly as his hypothesis stays significant today. While the class chain of command of society is more perplexing today than that which Marx guessed, and private enterprise presently works on a worldwide scale, Marxs perceptions about the risks of commodified work, and about the center connection among base and superstructure keep on filling in as significant logical apparatuses for seeing how the inconsistent business as usual is kept up, and how one can approach disturbing it. Intrigued perusers can discover all of Marxs composing carefully filed here.

Srs for Bank Management Essay Example

Srs for Bank Management Essay Examination NO: 2 AIM: To record Software Requirement Specification for Dance Academy. Hypothesis: 1) Introduction: 1. 1) Purpose: This record gives point by point practical and non-useful necessities for Dance Academy. The reason for this report is that the necessities referenced in it ought to be used by programming engineer to actualize the framework. 1. 2) Scope: This framework permits the bank worker to keep up a record of the considerable number of clients who have account in the bank. With the assistance of this framework, the worker ought to be in a situation to look through the records of a specific client, give him point by point account data and erase and update the client data as and when required. 1. 3) Overview: This framework gives a simple answer for the bank representative to keep up client just as worker records and keeping up a record of the considerable number of exchanges that occur. 2) General Description: This Bank Management System replaces the customary, conventional document and record based framework with the assistance of which a great deal of desk work will be decreased. In this way the manual work of keeping up documents which are exposed to physical mileage can be maintained a strategic distance from. The representative must have the option to see all the data of clients, for example, name, account number, date of birth, sexual orientation, address, introductory equalization. Additionally it must have the option to record various exchanges, for example, withdrawal, store or move of assets starting with one record then onto the next. The worker can likewise add new staff individuals to the framework giving them direct access to the database and along these lines empowering them to offer types of assistance to the clients. We will compose a custom article test on Srs for Bank Management explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Srs for Bank Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Srs for Bank Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The representative can likewise change his secret phrase to follow security limitations. 3) Functional Requirements: 3. 1) Description: The character of every client is confirmed and at exactly that point changes are made to the records every client. After appropriate check, the bank representative can carry legitimate changes to the database according to the necessities of the client. Additionally the framework keeps up a representative database consequently tracking all the individuals from bank just as keeping the records of the exchanges which occur day by day. 3. 2) Technical issues: The framework ought to be actualized in . NET. 4) Interface Requirements: 4. 1) GUI: GUI 1: The primary structure gives login page to the worker. GUI 2: After fruitful login, there are various activities that can be performed I. e. change secret key, sign-out, include client, erase client, include subtleties, see subtleties and so forth. GUI 3: For including clients, all the necessary data is taken and the submit button is chosen for rolling out relating improvements into the database. GUI 4: Once the progressions are made into the database, on tapping the view subtleties symbol, the subtleties of the client can be acquired. GUI 5 and 6: The subtleties of the client can be refreshed with the assistance of structure 5. A specific client can be expelled with the assistance of erase client alternative. GUI 7,8 and 9: These structures record the various exchanges, for example, withdrawal, store, move. 4. 2) Hardware Interface: Hardware Interface 1: The framework ought to be inserted in every PC of the bank and in the entirety of its branches. 4. 3) Software Interface: Software Interface 1: Bank Management System. Programming Interface 2: The staff and representative database ought to keep up vital records. ) Performance Requirements: The framework should work simultaneously on various PCs during the working long stretches of bank. The framework should bolster 50 clients. 6) Design Constraints: The framework ought to be structured in 2 months. 7) Other Non Functional Attributes: a) Security: Each representative is furnished with a client ID and secret key to sign into the framework. At exactly that point he c an control the database. b) Availability: The framework ought to be accessible during bank working hours. c) Maintainability: There ought to be an office to include or erase clients as and when required. ) Reusability: a similar framework must be utilized in each money related year. 8) Operational Scenarios: There will be a representative database and client database. The representative database contains individual data of the considerable number of workers. The client database contains individual just as record related data. 9) Preliminary Schedule: The framework must be actualized in 2 months. End: Thus we have recorded Software Requirement Specification for Bank Management System (BMS). Srs for Bank Management Essay Example Srs for Bank Management Essay Test NO: 2 AIM: To report Software Requirement Specification for Dance Academy. Hypothesis: 1) Introduction: 1. 1) Purpose: This archive gives point by point practical and non-useful prerequisites for Dance Academy. The reason for this archive is that the necessities referenced in it ought to be used by programming designer to execute the framework. 1. 2) Scope: This framework permits the bank representative to keep up a record of the considerable number of clients who have account in the bank. With the assistance of this framework, the representative ought to be in a situation to look through the records of a specific client, give him point by point account data and erase and update the client data as and when required. 1. 3) Overview: This framework gives a simple answer for the bank representative to keep up client just as worker records and keeping up a record of the considerable number of exchanges that happen. 2) General Description: This Bank Management System replaces the customary, conventional document and record based framework with the assistance of which a ton of desk work will be diminished. Accordingly the manual work of keeping up documents which are exposed to physical mileage can be maintained a strategic distance from. The worker must have the option to see all the data of clients, for example, name, account number, date of birth, sexual orientation, address, starting equalization. Likewise it must have the option to record various exchanges, for example, withdrawal, store or move of assets starting with one record then onto the next. The worker can likewise add new staff individuals to the framework giving them direct access to the database and in this manner empowering them to offer types of assistance to the clients. We will compose a custom exposition test on Srs for Bank Management explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Srs for Bank Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Srs for Bank Management explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The worker can likewise change his secret phrase to follow security imperatives. 3) Functional Requirements: 3. 1) Description: The character of every client is confirmed and at exactly that point changes are made to the records every client. After appropriate check, the bank representative can carry legitimate changes to the database according to the prerequisites of the client. Likewise the framework keeps up a representative database along these lines tracking all the individuals from bank just as keeping the records of the exchanges which occur day by day. 3. 2) Technical issues: The framework ought to be actualized in . NET. 4) Interface Requirements: 4. 1) GUI: GUI 1: The primary structure gives login page to the representative. GUI 2: After effective login, there are various activities that can be performed I. e. change secret key, sign-out, include client, erase client, include subtleties, see subtleties and so on. GUI 3: For including clients, all the necessary data is taken and the submit button is chosen for rolling out comparing improvements into the database. GUI 4: Once the progressions are made into the database, on tapping the view subtleties symbol, the subtleties of the client can be gotten. GUI 5 and 6: The subtleties of the client can be refreshed with the assistance of structure 5. A specific client can be evacuated with the assistance of erase client alternative. GUI 7,8 and 9: These structures record the various exchanges, for example, withdrawal, store, move. 4. 2) Hardware Interface: Hardware Interface 1: The framework ought to be implanted in every PC of the bank and in the entirety of its branches. 4. 3) Software Interface: Software Interface 1: Bank Management System. Programming Interface 2: The staff and worker database ought to keep up vital records. ) Performance Requirements: The framework should work simultaneously on various PCs during the working long stretches of bank. The framework should bolster 50 clients. 6) Design Constraints: The framework ought to be structured in 2 months. 7) Other Non Functional Attributes: a) Security: Each worker is furnished with a client ID and secret phrase to sign into the framework. At exactly that point he can control the database. b) Availability: The framework ought to be accessible during bank working hours. c) Maintainability: There ought to be an office to include or erase clients as and when required. ) Reusability: a similar framework must be utilized in each budgetary year. 8) Operational Scenarios: There will be a representative database and client database. The representative database contains individual data of the considerable number of workers. The client database contains individual just as record related data. 9) Preliminary Schedule: The framework must be actualized in 2 months. End: Thus we have reported Software Requirement Specification for Bank Management System (BMS).

Nonverbal Signs of a True Love

Nonverbal Signs of a True Love Nonverbal Signs of a True Love Home›Education Posts›Nonverbal Signs of a True Love Education PostsYouth is a suitable period not only for getting education. It is also the perfect time to meet your beloved. That’s why QualityCustomEssays.com gives you the pieces of advice in this kind of delicate sphere.There are nonverbal signs of a pure feeling listed below:•Eye contactGlances. Stares….. Those who are in love just cannot help it. In such a way a person’s true feelings of love towards another person are revealed.•You are heardThe person who loves you wants not only to know all your problems, but also is ready to find the solution to all of your sorrows. The person in love provides you with comfort and offers reassurance.•SurprisesDoes he surprise you with a bunch of flowers without a special reason or does he leave sweets in an unpredictable place for you? If somebody cares about random presents for you, this person CARES ABOUT YOU.•Spontaneous touchingMen are mor e tactile than you think! The fact that he doesn’t lose any possibility to touch your hand, for example, during dinner or a walk means that he wants to be closer to you. Perceive those little squeezes as signs of love.•He changes plans to be with youIf the man prefers spending time with you to sitting with friends in the bar watching some game, it means that he is really crazy about you.•Introducing to friendsThe man in love is not afraid to show his girlfriend to his buddies. He realizes that friends might not approve his choice, but he doesn’t care.Of course, there is no universal key to happiness, but we hope that this information would help to avoid heartbreak for at least one person.

Case Study of Ikea - 1445 Words

Case Study of IKEA’s Global Sourcing Challenge In 1995, IKEA met a problem that its main supplier, Indian rugs, used the child labor to produce products, although they had signed an attachment of the contract to ban employing child labor. In addition, a German documentary maker was about to broadcast the problem of child labor on German television and also invited an employee from IKEA to have a live discussion in the TV program. Marianne Barner, the leader of IKEA, must find a great solution to this serious issue to both save her business and the corporation’s brand image. In this issue, IKEA was not the one who produced products, so they might not realize the use of child labor in the process of production. In addition, child labor†¦show more content†¦Moreover, customers will trust IKEA’s products because the label can indicate products are produced without child labor. However, working with the third party is also of some risk. For instance, if IKEA allows Rugmark to monitor the process of production, t hey will learn about some internal information about IKEA, such as the way to manage suppliers. The foundation has members such as manufacturers and retails. If they know this kind of internal information, they might utilize it. To be worse, if this information is leaked to IKEA’s competitors, IKEA will be uncompetitive. Another disadvantage is that if the third party asks IKEA to pay for supervision, it might be costly. Another way is to stop the relationship with these suppliers which use child labor and find some other partners. In this method, it can help IKEA get rid of the blame for using child labor. When IKEA does not sell the products which are produced by child labor, the issue will not hurt IKEA any more. But it is also of high risk. Child labor is a social issue embedded in Indian culture. If IKEA would like to find some suppliers without using child labor, it is almost impossible for IKEA to find suppliers in India. As a result, IKEA must target at other countries such as China or Vietnam which might have cheap labor force. However, searching for suppliers is very time consuming. In addition, if the labor force in other countries is not as cheap as that in India, theShow MoreRelatedIkea Case Study620 Words   |  3 PagesIKEA case study 1. Firm specific advantages IKEA has a variety of firm specific advantages since its business approach appeared to be very unique for the furniture industry. First, IKEA’s most important specific advantages were its good value for the money. IKEA used this advantage for its expansion plans all over the world. IKEA when they failed in the USA had to highlight this specific advantage to bail them out of the financial difficulty they had gotten into. Second, the most innovative decisionRead MoreIkea Case Study1030 Words   |  5 PagesI. Factors Contributing to Ikeas Success Swedish company, Ikea, has experienced many triumphs throughout the business history. Founder Ingvar Kamprad created a successful business from a financial gift his father gave him. There are several factors that contribute to Ikea’s success. These factors include their low cost price strategy, the design of their store, and the shopping experience for customers. Ikea’s low cost low pricing structure. Ikea’s low cost pricing strategy was a key to theirRead MoreCase Study Ikea1919 Words   |  8 PagesCASE STUDY [pic] International Strategic Marketing Management Success Factors of IKEA IKEA is one of the most successful furniture retailer’s worldwide. The factors that contributed to this success and distinguished IKEA from its competitors will be monitored in the following analysis. First, IKEA has found â€Å"niche† to serve. The fact that they are producing â€Å"Scandinavian style† products makes them unique. Their idea of offering a very broad range of products, with limited style variationsRead MoreIkea Case Study5459 Words   |  22 PagesCase Study IKEA: FURNITURE RETAILER TO THE WORLD INTRODUCTION IKEA is one of the world s most successful global retailers. In 2007, IKEA had 300 home furnishing superstores in 35 and was visited by some 583 million shoppers. IKEA s low-priced, elegantly designed merchandise, displayed in large warehouse stores, generated sales of â‚ ¬21.2 billion in 2008, up from â‚ ¬4.4 billion in 1994. Although the privately held company refuses to publish figures on profitability, its net profit margins wereRead MoreIkea Study Case2928 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"IKEA invades Americaâ€Å" Case Study 27.11.2012 Marketing II Saskia Jaeger, David Varnai, Lukas Razmilić Table of contents 1 What factors account for the success of IKEA? 4 2 What do you think of the company’s product strategy and product range? Do you agree with the matrix approach described in Figure B of the case? 5 3 Despite the success there are many downsides to shopping at IKEA. What are some of these downsides? IKEA’s vision statement (in Figure C of the case) describes how the companyRead MoreIkea Case Study2106 Words   |  9 PagesMBAA 514: Marketing Case Study of the IKEA Company September 12, 2011 Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University- Worldwide â€Æ' Executive Summary IKEA (2011) has found a wide market in the discount furniture industry. The mission is simple- provide furniture to help everyone decorate as they like (IKEA, 2011). The company always strives to lower costs and pass savings to consumers (IKEA, 2011). It provides exceptional products which enabled the company to increase sales through the recession (MannersRead MoreIkea Case Study3501 Words   |  15 PagesMARKETING MANAGEMENT CASE STUDY Synopsis This case study is to deliberate about IKEA’s marketing strategy in reaching out customers. Also discussing about IKEA’s business idea and IKEA follows a quite traditional pattern of internationalizing and also drives the localization thoughts in different market place to stay competitive. Their vision â€Å"To create a better everyday life for the many† and their ultimate business idea â€Å" To offer a wide range of well designed, functional home furnishingRead MoreCase Study : Ikea Case Study1479 Words   |  6 PagesMike Borrelli April 31st, 2015 Global Strategic Planning Dr. Neiva Ethical Analysis Essay – IKEA Case Study IKEA, founded in 1943 by Swedish Ingvar Kamprad, is a global leader in the furniture industry. Starting as a mail-order company when Kamprad was 17 years old, the name IKEA comes from his initials along with his family farm (Elmtaryd) and his family’s parish (Agunnaryd). From this start-up that sold mostly small items like pens and binders, Kamprad added furniture to his mail-order catalogRead MoreIKEA Case Study1430 Words   |  6 PagesIKEA Case Study 1 IKEA - Case Study Panagiotis Charalampous Northcentral University IKEA Case Study 2 Synopsis of the situation IKEA (Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd Agunnaryd) is a privately held, international home products company that designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture, appliances and home accessories. The company is now the world s largest furniture retailer. IKEA was founded in 1943 by 17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad in Sweden, named as an acronym comprising the initials of theRead MoreIKEA Case Study2977 Words   |  12 PagesReport To: Carol George From: Fangyi Shao Subject: IKEA case study Date: 24. Apr. 2009 1. Introduction IKEA is the world’s largest furniture manufacturer who offers a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products at a low price that many people can afford it. IKEA’s mission statement describes the purpose and distinctive advantages of the company clearly. (See appendices â…  ) It can also motivate management by saying ‘create a better everyday life for people’ because employees

Essay on Mezzanine Finance Explained - 1794 Words

Mezzanine Finance by Corry Silbernagel Davis Vaitkunas Bond Capital With a supplement by Ian Giddy Mezzanine Debt--Another Level To Consider Mezzanine debt is used by companies that are cash flow positive to fund: further growth through expansion projects; acquisitions; recapitalizations; and, management and leveraged buyouts. When mezzanine debt is used in conjunction with senior debt it reduces the amount of equity required in the business. As equity is the most expensive form of capital, it is most cost effective to create a capital structure that secures the most funding, offers the lowest cost of capital, and maximizes return on equity. Mezzanine debt has been around for over 30 years, however its use in Western Canada and the†¦show more content†¦Although it makes up a portion of a companys total available capital, mezzanine financing is critical to growing companies and in succession planning in recent years. The gap in funding between senior debt and equity is common for the following reasons: 1) accounts receivable, inventories and fixed assets are being discounted at greater rates than in the past for f ear that their values will not be realized in the future; 2) many balance sheets now contain significant intangible assets, and, 3) as a result of defaults and regulatory pressure, banks have placed ceilings on the amount of total debt a company can obtain. While additional liquidity can be obtained from equity investors, equity is the most expensive source of capital. Further, equity capital, by its nature, dilutes existing shareholders. As a result, mezzanine debt can be an attractive alternative way to obtain much needed capital. Capital Structures While there are no hard and fast rules for optimizing a company’s capital structure, companies that are ahead of the curve use an efficient combination of senior debt, mezzanine debt, and equity capital to minimize their true cost of capital. COMPANIES WITH EFFICIENT CAPITAL STRUCTURES EMPLOY A NUMBER OF CAPITAL SOURCES Expected Returns (%) Typical Private Equity Structure (% of total Assets) Senior Debt and Asset Backed (Stretch) Lending 30% - 60% 5% - 12% Mezzanine 20% - 30%Show MoreRelatedThe Debt And Credit Crisis2495 Words   |  10 Pagesback to the industrialization period in the United States where business and finance developed together (Cioffi, Lecture 10/21/14). Finance and industry cooperated with each other, as banks invested in business and provided the capital needed for the industrial sector to develop (Cioffi, Lecture 10/21/14). Finance and industry became codependent on each other to thrive and progress. Consequently, a system grew where finance became the major player behind every aspect of American political economy.Read MoreFinancial Crisis Of The Brc Economies2217 Words   |  9 Pages(from the MBS) were known as Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO), and were offered by the SPE. The CDO would be split into 3 tranches (equity, mezzanine, and senior), and assigned a rating by rating agencies based on the creditworthiness of the borrower. If the SPE collapsed, the senior tranche would have precedence of their recove ry of assets over the mezzanine and equity tranche. The senior tranche has the highest price, but the lowest risk of default, while the equity tranche has the highest returnRead MoreCorporate Business Finance 7343 Words   |  30 PagesCorporate Business Finance Seminar 5 Project Finance Lauren Leigh Essaram 207507339 Ruvimbo Mukorera 206525531 27 September 2010 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the duly performed requirement of International Business Finance, School of Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu-Natal Abstract Non-recourse financing has grown in popularity, especially in developing countries. It has done so more specifically in the basic infrastructure, natural resources and also in the energyRead MoreSubprime Mortgage Crisis - a Case Study on Morgan Stanley4048 Words   |  17 Pagesmain slices called senior (low risk), mezzanine (middle risk) and equity (high risk) tranches as shown. Figure 2: A typical CDO tranching structure The division of CDO into various different tranches indicates the sequential allocation of the underlying assets’ default risk. And since higher risks generate higher returns, the equity tranche will receive the highestreturn to compensate for taking on the highest default risk, as compared to the senior or mezzanine tranches. However, when things go wrongRead More2008 Financial Crisis - Lehman Brothers, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac3431 Words   |  14 Pagescentral banks tried to pump in large amounts of liquidity into the global financial system. On 7th September 2008, James B. Lockhart III (2008) announced the decision to place Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into conservatorship run by the Federal Housing Finance Agency. On 15th September 2008, Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy, which caused a series of drastic changes in the stock market. The subprime mortgage meltdown in the US created an economic tsunami that effectively froze the world’s credit marketsRead MoreSeag ate Buyout8389 Words   |  34 Pagescan issue their shares to shareholders without causing tax implications (Mintz). Unfortunately, as it states in an article by S. L. Mintz in CFO Magazine, VERITAS was not interested in venturing into the disk drive industry. The CFO of VERITAS explained that he thought it would be a distraction from their software business. Horizontal merger or buyout The presenting group mentioned a merger as an option to address Seagate’s low stock price, but they never elaborated on benefits or problematicRead MoreMix of Debt and Equity6786 Words   |  28 Pages a) Definition Classifications of Equity Financing 16 b) Advantages of Equity Financing 18 c) Disadvantages of Equity Financing 19 3. The mixture of Debt and Equity 20 a) Definition 20 b) Why do virtually all companies choose to finance themselves by the mixture of debt and equity? 22 c) What factors can affect the ratio of debt and equity of a company? 22 d) Optimal Level of Debt-to-Equity 24 V. CONCLUSION 27 I. ABSTRACT In the age of Globalization and specially globalizedRead MoreThe Aig Bailout22345 Words   |  90 Pagespublic/_files/KohnStmtMarch52009.pdf. 2. Press Release, American International Group, Inc., AIG Reports Full Year and Fourth Quarter 2007 Results (Feb. 28, 2008), available at http://idea.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/5272 /000095012308002282/y50505exv99w1.htm. 3. Yahoo! Finance, AIG: Historical Prices for American International Group, Inc., http://finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=AIG (last visited Sept. 29, 2009) (on file with the Washington and Lee Law Review). THE AIG BAILOUT 945 loan.4 Government aid has since grownRead More Biography of Joseph Patrick Kennedy Essay3933 Words   |  16 Pagesfinancial genius all right, but in politics, he is something else.† Kennedy distanced himself from his son during the period prior to and during the nomination process, and did not return to Massachusetts until the election took place. His wife, Rose explained: â€Å"He has been a controversial figure all of his life and he thinks it’s easier for his sons if he doesn’t appear on the scene.† Jack Kennedy won the presidential election in 1960, fulfilling his father’s dream. But Kennedy’s reaction was modest:Read MoreDarden Mba Resumes16768 Words   |  68 PagesEDUCATION Darden Graduate School of Business Administration University of Virginia Candidate for Master of Business Administration, May 2011 ï‚ · Awarded Batten Innovation Scholarship (merit-based full tuition scholarship); ï‚ · GMAT: 730; AWA: 5.5 ï‚ · Member of F inance Club, Energy Club and Darden Capital Management Club Charlottesville, VA Nanyang Technological University Singapore Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Engineering) and Minor in Business, June 2006 ï‚ · Awarded full scholarship (among top 50 from over

Service Dogs for Autism - 1145 Words

As of 2012, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that one in 50 children between the ages of six and seventeen has autism spectrum disorder, with males being four times more likely than females to have these conditions (Slaughter 1). Autism is a developmental disorder that affects the brains normal development of social and communication skills. Service dogs are normally used to aid the blind, deaf or hard of hearing, and other types of disabilities. Service dogs have recently been used to help children with autism. The service dog industry has had a growing impact on the autism community, the benefits and disadvantages affect each child differently. Autism was first discovered by Leo Kanner in 1943, he labeled it as†¦show more content†¦The dog becomes the child’s constant companion, the sense of loneliness is taken away from the child. The children in these cases reported increased physical independence and freedom from relying on others to assit in daily tasks (Davis 136). The dogs undergo serious training before being placed with the child. Sometimes the dog and child would actually meet weeks leading up to the placement to warm up to eachother before permanent placement. The parent is the primary handler, the dog is trained to guide the child but ultimately take orders or listen to the parent. The dog is tethered to the child by a harness and put on a leash that the parent carries, this gives the child freedom and the parent security, the dog controls the child from darting off. The cost of a service dog can be very expensive, if not obtained by an organization that receives donations and helps the family out. The average annual cost to maintain a dog was $1307, with a range of $195-$5134 (Davis 134). The daily routine changes in some of the families affected the dogs negatively. The dog would have bathroom accidents in the home, which were frowned upon by the family. The stress of the day to day activities with the child would be too much for the dog to handle at times, fatigue and attitude changes were apparent. The majority of problems faced with a service dog can be eliminated, with a set routine and normal breaks given to the dog. Public places nowadays are normallyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Animal Assisted Therapy On An Individual s Life1152 Words   |  5 Pagesa lot of attention is the use of animal-assisted therapy (frequently dogs) for individuals with autism. While research is limited, studies reveal that children with an ASD laugh, talk and display other positive social behaviors when they have a companion animal with them. A recent study explored the viewpoints of youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). This innovative study finds that animals help individuals with autism combat feelings of loneliness. Additional research finds that animalsRead MoreCompanion Dogs, Making a Difference1108 Words   |  5 Pageschildren with autism having a companion dog is the difference between life and death. Methodically trained guide dogs help create an environment where autistic children are comfortable enough to live a more ordinary lifestyle. Autism spectrum disorder is a major public health problem th at is the most common neurological disorder affecting 1 out of every 110 births in the US (Autism Society, 2009). ASDs can range in severity from Asperger Syndrome, a high-functioning form of autism where the childRead MoreFinding The Way With Service Animals Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesFinding the Way with Service Animals Johnny had never smiled in his entire four years of life, until July, 2015. He received a life changing gift, a service dog trained as a companion to children with autism. 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Combination of Two Companies Having Business in Same Industry

Question: Discuss About Combination of Two Companies Having Business in Same Industry? Answer: Introducation: This report is prepared on the basis of business combination of two companies having business in same industry. These two companies named Novotel and Sofitel want to enter into strategic alliance in order to increase their profit. In this case, both companies need to comply with competition law, free trade law, and cartel prohibition laws. With the increasing ramification of Australian economic changes, there are several laws and regulations which are applicable for the companies going in business combination. However, in Australia, if companies are making cartel by entering into joint ventures or strategic alliance with each other then in this case this sort of combination would not be acceptable. In this report, two companies Novotel and Sofitel are entering into business combination with a view to increase their overall profit. Nonetheless, this profit could be increased only when these two marketing department provides synergy. In addition to this, when these two companies having business in same industry need to avoid these following strategies such as price fixing, market sharing, limitation of products and bid rigging. These all are the criminal offence under the enterprises act and it could also result into severe penalties for both the business and individual directors of both companies. Novotel and Sofitel both are making strategic alliance by combining their marketing department to create marketing arm against other rivals (Rahim and Brady, 2015). Therefore, both companies need to avoid acts which fall under the cartel act such as price fixing, market sharing, limitation of products and bid rigging. This report will reflects several points and factors on the business combination and how companies could create synergy by making strategic alliance. This strategy has been proposed by company to create marketing arm and create shield against all the competitive strategies of rivals in market. Therefore, both the companies need to comply with the business combination law before entering into strategic alliance with each other. It is evaluated that Novotel and Sofitel both are independent organizations and want to make combination of their marketing department with a view to increase the overall profit. Therefore, both organization need to enter into strategic alliance contract. These types of combination could be referred as merger or amalgamation of two businesses. In addition to this, both the companies have to comply with laws and notifications issued by Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. It is observed that making strategic alliance with other organizations requires various documentations, complying with competition laws and regulation and complete level of disclosure to all the stakeholders of organizations. In addition to this, both companies also need to make disclosure to general public by publishing its information in two newspaper one in vernacular language and other one in English language (Mitchell, et al, 2016). References Mitchell, R., O'Donnell, A., Marshall, S. and Ramsay, I., 2016.Law, corporate governance and partnerships at work: a study of Australian regulatory style and business practice. Routledge. Rahim, M.M. and Brady, I.M., 2015. The Collective Bargaining Authorisation Provision for SMEs in the Australian Competition Law-Serving or Distorting a Public Benefit

Examine the New Right SOT of the family free essay sample

Examine the New Right SOT of the family The New Right are a group of people that believe in tradition; they are strongly against change and support the conservative party. The New Right see the ideal family as heterosexual couples with two or three children as an outcome and symbolic meaning of the love between the man and women, otherwise known as a ‘Nuclear family. ’ The commitment between the man and women should demonstrate through a marriage and the responsibilities within the marriage will have a clear sexual division of labour. New Right thinkers rule out any other family structure and the new right views on the family reflect a familial ideology. The ideology is transmitted through different sections such as religious leaders, media, advertising, politicians and pressure groups. The New Right believe that originally husbands and wives were once strongly committed to one and other for life and they raised their children to give them the most up right respect and also respect social institutions, for example the law. We will write a custom essay sample on Examine the New Right SOT of the family or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page New Right thinkers called this the golden age, where everything followed a certain order. In the Early 1960’S and 1970’S, the New Right saw that the views of a traditional family value began to be questioned and destroyed especially by the state; they marked this as the beginning of family decline. New right looked at new acts and law legislations that have come into place for example, ‘Equal pay act’ which they saw as misleading the women from their natural careers as being mothers and housewives and instead this act encouraged them to work and peruse their dreams which may mean that they will be earning as much money or maybe even more money than their husband. Another act that the New Right looks at as an attack by the state is the ‘Divorce Reform act’ which was introduced in 1969 which they saw undermined the commitment of marriage between and man and women. New Right do have evidence to back up their beliefs for example nowadays in the 21st century there are more family structures that exist such as a single parent family or a gay marriage household due to the increase of divorce rates, compare to back in the 1800’s and 1900’s, it was almost seen as a sin to have a divorce and there was no such thing as gay marriages. On the other hand Feminists criticise the New Right view of the familial ideology. Feminists claim that the familial ideology is a group of ideas which will encourage the men to keep the male dominance within the work place at home. Feminist Oakley argues that the familial ideology is in favour to the men because the women are encouraged to stay at home and follow their natural career as mothers and wives, which means that they are taking themselves out of the labour market and are allowing the men to carry on being the breadwinner of the family by bringing in the income to the family. Oakley states the gender role is clearly shown in this part of the familial ideology. Sociologists Barrett and Mclntosh, 1982, argue against the new right idea of familial ideology and say that the familial ideology fails to look at other family structures other than the nuclear family, such as single parent families, and gay marriage families, and believe that the new structures are the cause of social problems, for example increase in crime and the increase of disrespect for authority such as the law. As the New Right stated the start of family decline when new laws and legislations where put into place there were critics against this idea too. However other sociologist says that there may not be such an idea family decline instead, it may be the new postmodern era finding new needs and wants and realising that the nuclear family was only exploiting women and children from earning and being like the male of the traditional family. Other aspects such as an increase in divorce rates are seen as more healthy for the society and families as it will prevent symptoms of moral decay. Sociologist Reynolds et al, 2003, conducted a research to back up the critics against new rights views and idea of familial ideology. This research included a study of 37 mothers and 30 fathers that where in a relationship, that had one pre-school child. The mothers had a strong, instrumental role such as a job in the hospital or working in an accountancy firm but also had traditional views on being a good mother and partner. In conclusion to this research, Reynolds et al concluded that the mothers did not prioritise their work life over their family life, but instead they realised that the mothers that worked full time with the instrumental jobs had the same concerns about meeting their child’s emotional needs and their partner’s needs just as a part time mother did. The research proved that the full time worker mothers believed that their jobs helped meet the child’s needs and wants and also having a positive outtake on relationships within the family. This view was also mostly agreed by the men to as the men saw that the mothers work life was having a good impact on the child as they had a strong headed and hardworking woman to look up too as well. However there was also some negative result from this research, as some men and women did not learn how to alienate their problems from work and brought the problems from work back into the suppose to be ‘haven’ and took out their problems on the children. This could have been due to the stress and strong demands given to the women by their job role. In conclusion the New Right view of the family and idea of familial ideology has good points and are backed up with evidence such as increase in divorce rates and the way families are breaking down in traditional values and becoming more dependent on the state, but however I believe that the New Right familial ideology is failing to look at other family structures and the idea that there is not just one way to life. I agree with the feminist view of how familial ideology is failing to realise other ways to a family structure which could benefit society more as this allows people to be more individual and happy with their selves which will reflect within the family structure. I strongly agree with Reynolds et al research as this does reflect upon family life in today’s society.

Free Essays on TS Eliots Wasteland

In â€Å"The Waste Land† Eliot suggests that a man can be reborn if he gives, sympathizes, and has self-control. There are many characters within American Literature that could have benefited from this advice. Characters such as Amanda Wingfield , the personas in â€Å"Home Burial,† and Daisy Miller exemplify people, that if this advice was readily accessible, could have understood circumstances and could have been figuratively been reborn. In the previously noted characters lives, they let either society or their own regression take over instead of their own self-assurance and capabilities to empathize with others. By taking the advice with a grain of salt they would have been more prepared for the situations that made their lives tumultuous. However there are characters in literature that are the personification of this advice. The character Huck Finn is the personification that by giving, sympathizing, and demonstrating self-control one may be reborn. By his abil ities to do all of the previously mentioned actions he went through an initiation story of him growing into a kind and capable man. Amanda Wingfield, the personas within â€Å"Home Burial,† and Daisy Miller are the antithesis of the above advice, while Huck Finn is its exemplification. By learning to give, sympathize, and demonstrate self-control, the characters afore mentioned would have, or have already, furthered their actions and outcomes greatly. Amanda Wingfield, a deserted wife and the mother of Laura and Tom, is the protagonist of the play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie.† She is to be pitied, for she lives in a world of dreams and illusions. She has preconceived ideas about what is right for her son and daughter and tries to make her dreams for them come true; she wants Tom and Laura to bring her the happiness that her husband failed to give her. She does this by not giving her daughter the sympathy needed to nurture Laura with her handicap, by refusing to give support to... Free Essays on TS Eliot's Wasteland Free Essays on TS Eliot's Wasteland In â€Å"The Waste Land† Eliot suggests that a man can be reborn if he gives, sympathizes, and has self-control. There are many characters within American Literature that could have benefited from this advice. Characters such as Amanda Wingfield , the personas in â€Å"Home Burial,† and Daisy Miller exemplify people, that if this advice was readily accessible, could have understood circumstances and could have been figuratively been reborn. In the previously noted characters lives, they let either society or their own regression take over instead of their own self-assurance and capabilities to empathize with others. By taking the advice with a grain of salt they would have been more prepared for the situations that made their lives tumultuous. However there are characters in literature that are the personification of this advice. The character Huck Finn is the personification that by giving, sympathizing, and demonstrating self-control one may be reborn. By his abil ities to do all of the previously mentioned actions he went through an initiation story of him growing into a kind and capable man. Amanda Wingfield, the personas within â€Å"Home Burial,† and Daisy Miller are the antithesis of the above advice, while Huck Finn is its exemplification. By learning to give, sympathize, and demonstrate self-control, the characters afore mentioned would have, or have already, furthered their actions and outcomes greatly. Amanda Wingfield, a deserted wife and the mother of Laura and Tom, is the protagonist of the play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie.† She is to be pitied, for she lives in a world of dreams and illusions. She has preconceived ideas about what is right for her son and daughter and tries to make her dreams for them come true; she wants Tom and Laura to bring her the happiness that her husband failed to give her. She does this by not giving her daughter the sympathy needed to nurture Laura with her handicap, by refusing to give support to...

Critical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical analysis - Essay Example With these clearly set, one can now set on to writing, and this makes writing simple. In earlier stages, students write based on their experiences. However, in academic writing, one maybe required writing on a totally new topic, and this requires one to have good research skill. Research in academic goes beyond Google and Wikipedia, to databases with scholarly writings. One also must have the ability to read complex texts and analyze them to succeed in academic writing. Academic writing is described as an argument. This is because; one presents a case and offers support to it, in an attempt to convince others. This depends on the writers ability to present their ideas in an organized manner and persuasively. Academic writing is also an analysis where the author focuses on the how and why questions. It is advisable to start with a draft and then develop the ideas on the draft to create the final paper. Success in academic writing depends on how well one knows what they are doing as well as how they approach

How to be a good accountant in the future Essay

How to be a good accountant in the future - Essay Example To investigate and come up with clear responses of professional accountants, in various work settings. Background Recently, many things have developed relating to bookkeepers and their job. Many companies have lost money in unclear circumstances and this has caused many companies to lose trust in many accountants. However, it is unclear whether the mistakes and problems that many companies face emanate from the errors and unethical behaviors of accountants. For this reasons, it good to find out what makes or breaks an accounting reputation. Approach or method This research will employ the use of questionnaires, samples survey as sources of information concerning the ethical standards of accountants. This will answer the questions concerning their future accounting profession improvement. The proposed literature The proposed literature will base on the factors behind a good accounting job and the negatives associated with it; it will give the significance of the investigation to the u pcoming of bookkeeping professionals. The Gantt chart Gantt chart Task Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March April Research proposal Poster creation Literature review Data collection Analysis of Results Presentation of the results Introduction Studies indicate that, many organizations in recent times face scandalous financial situations. These incidences have been associated with accountants who work as employees in various business organizations in different settings in the world. Several businesses have lost cash in the course and the reason of the basis of the problem is uncertain, which has stained the reputation of several businesses. As a result, big and small companies are losing out in terms of business performance and profit making. The blunders leading to the deprived performance are alleged to be caused bookkeeping specialists. In some cases, the mistakes have been associated with the management as a whole; this is because the organization is involved in the decisions that influ ence the working of the auditors. In either way, what the accountants do affects the management and in reverse, the decisions made by the management influences accounting behaviors. This means that there are a number of issues revolving around the same issue of why many organizations have lost trust in accountants as professionals. For this reason, there is need to carry out an extensive research on the issues surrounding accounting as a field of professionalism. Before looking at that, here are some important facts about accounting; this will form the footing about bookkeeping and certified public auditor in particular. According to studies, it is through accounting that a mechanism that provides data, which is a crucial concerning the financial status of an organization in relation to business matters. The information found through this way is essential for investors because it gives critical details, which could be used as the determining factors in line with the decisions the in vestors have to make before investing. It may also help in determining whether the investors could opt not to invest in the organization, as the financial information may not be appealing to them. This will be viewed in terms of return on investments that the organization may receive after the investments. Regarding a good image of a corporate, moral or ethical and expert bookkeeping, comprises a clear image of a corporate financially. This forms the basis on which company managers are set to make informed decisions and shape the

SWOT Analysis Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

SWOT Analysis Indian Pharmaceutical Industry Strengths 1. India is regarded as having an edge over China in terms of qualified, English-speaking manpower and fair protection of intellectual property rights supported by well-developed judicial system. (Appendix IV gives more information on IPR status in India). 2. India has skilled scientists/technicians/management personnel at affordable cost leading to low cost of innovation/ manufacturing/capex costs/ expenditure to run cGMP compliance facilities and high quality documentation and process understanding. 3. The country has well developed chemistry, R D and manufacturing infrastructure with proven track record in advanced chemistry capabilities, design of high tech manufacturing facilities and regulatory compliance. 4. The healthy domestic market with rising per capita expenditure is another significant strength enabling achievement of economies of scale. The country also has a strong marketing distribution network. 5. India is considered a desirable destination for off shoring of data management functions for clinical trials and also due to its rich biodiversity and strength in Chemistry which are essential for drug discovery. 6. The country has significant ability to circumvent API Patents. India has filed a number of non-infringing process patents. The country has a recent success track record in circumventing formulation patents. Proven Legal skills to evaluate IP and commercial strategies are available at least in select top companies. 7. The present domestic regulatory environment though in need of further improvement has been conducive to the growth of an emerging pharmaceutical industry. Weaknesses 1. Low investments in innovative RD continue to be a major weakness of Indian pharmaceutical industry. 2. Diffused nature of the Indian pharmaceutical industry means that only about 20 to 30 companies are large enough to bear the transactions costs associated with sustained exports to and compliance with entry regulations of the developed markets. 3. Majority of companies lack the ability to compete with MNCs for New Drug Discovery, Research and commercialization of molecules on a worldwide basis due to lack of resources. 4. Strong linkages between industry and academia which are essential for growth of the industry is lacking in India. 5. Comparatively small domestic market size due to low medical and healthcare expenditure in the country. 6. The country has at times shown inadequate regulatory framework or compliance and enforcement regime, reflected in occurrences such a production of spurious or low quality drugs. 7. Competency in API/Formulation, intellectual property creation, facility design and maintenance, global regulatory affairs, legal intricacies, and managing international work force is limited to a few players among the big players. 8. Rapidly increasing costs of skilled manpower such as scientists/ regulatory compliance personnel / pharmaceutical lawyers/ international business development personnel is pushing up the cost of innovation. Ability to evaluate contracts/alliances etc., is available only in top companies. Significant lacuna in this area exists and companies are falling into traps created by the competitors. Institutionalisation of learning in the following areas is restricted: Regulatory affairs knowledge for different countries and continents Process and product patents procedures knowledge for different countries and continents. 9. Sales and marketing knowledge is inadequate due to lack of understanding of international Pharmaceutical marketing/pricing practices and market environment in various countries. 10. Inadequate manufacturing practices in comparison to those accepted in developed world such as change of API source, change of manufacturing locations, equipment etc, with out proven stability/ bioequivalence may be creating inadequate technical work force for exports. The national drug regulatory system though evolved substantially, has been in the need of strengthening its manpower and systems requirements. 11. Inadequate emphasis on Biosciences in education system leading to slower development in areas related to Biology giving away advantage to China. Opportunities India is faced with significant export opportunities, such as: i. US$40 billion worth of drugs in the U.S.A and US$25 billion worth of drugs in Europe are expected to go off patent soon. Assocham estimates that Indian manufacturers may capture 30 percent of that market. This translates to an opportunity of US$19.5bn which is significant considering the countrys current exports of approx. US$7.25bn. However the figures need to be appropriately deflated since Indian opportunity will lie in generics equivalent of branded or patented drugs, which would be cheaper. ii. Generic launches by Indian manufacturers have increased in the United States from 93 in 2003 to 250 by 2008. iii. Compulsory licensing provisions negotiated in the Doha Round, allows for countries to import cheaper generic versions of patented drugs in the interests of public health. Thailand and South Africa have already started such initiatives from which Indian firms have benefited. 2. Due to the cost advantage in contract manufacturing Research multi-national companies find it compelling to shift their production bases to countries offering such cost advantage. Typical of the industry which requires approval of manufacturing facilities by various drug regulatory agencies of the world involving a very high cost, once such business finds base in India it would continue with it for at least one half to two decades. 3. Licensing deals with MNCs for NCEs (New Chemical Entities) and NDDS (New Drug Delivery Systems) offer new opportunities for Indian manufacturers. 4. Marketing alliances for MNC products in domestic and international market is another emerging opportunity. 5. Contract manufacturing arrangements with MNCs is estimated at 10% of patented markets estimated at US$450bn which is approx. US$45bn. 6. India has a very high potential for developing as a centre for international clinical trials due to its rich diversity. 7. India can become a niche player in global pharmaceutical RD and possibilities exist for expansion of biotechnology generics (also known as bio-similars) and biopharmaceuticals. 8. There is a possibility of greater returns from an Indian entry into mature and more remunerative markets like Brazil, Japan, CIS, Russia, etc. 9. The Work Programme for the European Medicines Agency 2007 identifies greater co-operation with India especially in the field of traditional and herbal medicines and remedies. Emerging preference for traditional medicines and herbs in the developed markets including lifestyle products and food supplements also presents an opportunity for the country in traditional medicinal systems Herbal based products. 10. A rise in life expectancy generally, and increase in the population of the old, particularly in the developed world is causing higher expenditure from respective national health budgets compelling them to move to cheaper APIs and formulations which are Indias forte. 11. Unleashing of a plethora of preferential trading arrangements, both bilateral and regional, offers opportunities for India to negotiate preferential access to partner markets for Indian pharmaceuticals in the long term and in a sustainable manner. Threats 1. Product patent regime poses serious challenge to domestic industry unless it invests in research and development. 2. RD efforts of Indian pharmaceutical companies are hampered by lack of enabling regulatory requirement. 3. Drug Price Control Order puts unrealistic ceilings on product prices and profitability. 4. Export effort is hampered by procedural hurdles in India as well as non-tariff barriers imposed abroad. For example: i. Indian manufacturers are prevented from bidding for government contracts as US permits bidders only from countries that are signatories to WTO Agreement on Government Procurement. ii. Indian manufacturers have to submit separate state level applications for marketing drugs in the United States as there is no nation-wide system of application even where FDA approval has been received. 5. Lowering of tariff protection has increased competition in domestic markets resulting in erosion of profitability. 6. Mergers and acquisitions by foreign companies particularly multinational corporations of afew Indian generic leaders may completely change the direction of Indias pharmaceutical movement neutralising its thrust on generics and cost competitiveness. 7. The generics market in developed countries may be affected by a number of factors: i. The release of authorized generics by major drug manufacturers. ii. New mid-sized players, establishing themselves in the generics market. iii. Increased competition due to newer Chinese and East European manufacturers. (E.g. there has been massive state level investment by China in the biotechnology sector though at present India still has the edge due to IP laws.) iv. TAs entered into by the United States of America with third countries (e.g. the Morocco-U.S.A FTA) may be harmful to Indian pharmaceutical exports because of provisions for increases in patent terms, etc. The United States enters into a number of FTAs with different countries and while the exact text of these agreements differ from country to country, each of these agreements contains provisions which can be damaging to Indian exporters of pharmaceuticals partly also because of their provisions on patents. These FTAs contain a large number of provisions which increase patent terms for pharmaceuticals by allowing for patentability of new uses of discovered inventions and by increasing patent terms by taking into account the time taken to process claims (evergreening). These provisions go beyond TRIPS and hence it may not be possible to challenge these under the WTO Dispute Resolution process. However, the compatibility of these provisions with Article XXIV of the GATT needs to be examined. 8. Specific non-tariff and para-tariff barriers being increasingly adopted by other countries such as long transaction time taken for registration of drugs, insistence on completing long process for registration when the drug may actually have gone through the most rigorous process of registration such as the USFDA; insistence on allowing imports of only those drugs which are registered in some developed countries, etc. PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODEL (a) INDUSTRY COMPETITION The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is highly fragmented with around 250-300 manufacturing and formulation units in organized sector which contribute to only 70% of the market share of the total sales in the country. The concentration ratio (proportion of total industry output by the largest firm in the industry) for the industry is very low. Also government subsidies have led to the proliferation of many small players. Since the Product Patents were not valid in the country till 2005, the differentiation in the product is very low. The key driver in this industry is the cost-competitiveness. After 2005, major MNCs like Pfizer GSK started introducing newer products in the market thereby increasing competition in the industry. Many small players that are focused on a particular region have a better hand on the distribution channel, making it easier to succeed, albeit in a limited way. An important fact is that, pharmaceutical is a stable market and its growth rate generally tracks the economic growth of the country with some multiple (1.2 times average in India). Though volume growth has been consistent over a period of time value growth has not followed in tandem. Earlier it was easy for Indian pharmaceutical companies to imitate pharmaceutical products discovered by MNCs at a lower cost and make good profit. But today the scene is different with the arrival of the patent regime 2005 which has forced Indian companies to rethink its strategies and to invest more on RD. Also contract research has assumed more importance now. (b) BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS The unique feature of pharmaceutical industry is that the end user of the product is different from the influencer (read doctor). The consumer has no choice but to buy what doctor says. However, when we look at the buyers power, we look at the influence they have on the prices of the product. In pharmaceutical industry, the buyers are scattered and they as such do not wield much power in the pricing of the products. Due to the extremely fragmented nature of industry government policies like DPCO ( Drug Price Order Control), 1970 under which the power to control prices is with the NPPA ( National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority) the low power of buyers does not have much effect on the manufacturers. Except in generic OTC medicines, the buyer does not normally switch medicines. (c) BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS The pharmaceutical industry depends upon several organic chemicals. The chemical industry is again very competitive and fragmented. The chemicals used in the pharmaceutical industry are largely a commodity. The suppliers have very low bargaining power and the companies in the pharmaceutical industry can switch from their suppliers without incurring a very high cost. However, what can happen is that the supplier can go for forward integration to become a pharmaceutical company. Companies like Orchid Chemicals and Sashun Chemicals were basically chemical companies who turned themselves into pharmaceutical companies. The fragmented nature of the organic chemicals industry prevents it from having much bargaining power over the manufacturers as the switching cost is low for the manufacturers. (d) BARRIERS TO ENTRY Threat of new entrants in the Indian Pharmaceutical sector during pre-2005 era used to be low as the capital requirement for the industry used to be very low from 1970s till 2005 because of the absence of product patents and heavy dependence on reverse engineering or Process Patent phenomenon but post 2005 it has become a huge burden on the part of new entrants to establish Manufacturing facilities of International Regulatory standards to tap the potential of generic exports and domestic consumption demand . That major barriers to entry are : The presence of economies of scale in manufacturing, RD, marketing, sales etc capital requirement financial requirements. The existing companies have advantage in terms of costs involved in launching new drugs formulations. The new companies would find it difficult to achieve this. Differentiation of products from the existing products in the market creating brand awareness in the minds of doctors pharmacists. New entrants will face difficulties in gaining trust of doctors/patients and they also need to develop efficient distribution channels preferred arrangements with doctors/pharmacists. Regulatory policies including patents, regulatory standards. The Indian Patent Act, 1970 recognized process but not product patents. The introduction of Product Patent 2005 of TRIPS part of WTO agreement has led to huge barriers for potential entrants. But to be noted it is unlikely to discourage new entrants, as market for generics will be huge in the near future as the demand for generics by all the developed economies has increased by leaps and bounds as their governments are drawing plans to effectively manage the health expenditure budget by switching from branded drugs to generic versions. (e)THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES This is one of the great advantages of the pharmaceutical industry. Whatever happens, demand for pharmaceutical products continues and the industry thrives. One of the key reasons for high competitiveness in the industry is that as an ongoing concern, pharmaceutical industry seems to have an infinite future. However, in recent times the advances made in the field of biotechnology, can prove to be a threat to the synthetic pharmaceutical industry. Also in developing countries like India, the traditional medicines also play a major substituting role. CONCLUSION This model gives a fair idea about the industry in which a company operates and the various external forces that influence it. These five forces of competition interact to determine the characteristics and the attractiveness of an industry. The strongest forces become dominant in determining profitability and become the focal points of strategy formulation. However, it must be noted that any industry is not static in nature. Its dynamic and over a period of time the model, which we have used to analyse the pharmaceutical industry may itself evolve. Going forward, we foresee increasing competition in the industry but the form of competition will be different. It will be between large players (with economies of scale) and it may be possible that some kind of oligopoly or cartels come into play. This is owing to the fact that the industry will move towards consolidation. The larger players in the industry will survive with their proprietary products and strong franchisee. In the Indian context, companies like Cipla, Ranbaxy and Dr.Reddys are likely to be key players. Smaller fringe players, who have no differentiating strengths, are likely to either be acquired or cease to exist. The barriers to entry will increase going forward. The change in the patent regime has made sure that new proprietary products come up making imitation difficult. The players with huge capacity will be able to influence substantial power on the fringe players by their aggressive pricing thereby creating hindrance for the smaller players. Economies of scale will play an important part too. Besides government will have a bigger role to play. PEST ANALYSIS To understand the implications of the environment on any industry it is imperative to study the four cardinal influencers on the industry namely Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors. It is rather unfortunate that in India these factors have a rather disproportionate influence on the functioning of a commercial organization. From the days of independence the business environment has been overly regulated by a handful of bureaucrats, middlemen, businessmen and politicians. Its only a decade since the country has seen an emergence of a political thought that encourages free enterprise. A welcome change indeed! (P)olitical Factors 1. Today there is political uncertainty in the air. A combination of diverse political thought have got together to cobble together a rag-tag coalition, that is riddle with ideological contradictions. Therefore, any consistent political or economic policy can not be expected. This muddies the investment field. 2. The Minister in charge of the industry has been threatening to impose even more stringent Price Control on the industry than before. This is throwing many an investment plan into the doldrums. 3. DPCO which is the bible for the industry has in effect worked contrary to the stated objectives. DPCO nullifies the market forces from encouraging competitive pricing of goods dictated by the market. Now the pricing is determined by the Government based on the approved costs irrespective of the real costs. 4. Effective January, 2005 the country goes in for the IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) regime, popularly known as the Patent Act. This Act will impact the Pharmaceutical Industry the most. Thus far an Indian company could escape paying a patent fee to the inventor of a drug by manufacturing it using a different chemical route. Indian companies exploited this law and used the reverse-engineering route to invent a lot of alternate manufacturing methods. A lot of money was saved this way. This also encouraged competing company to market their versions of the same drug. That meant that the impurities and trace elements found in different brands of the same substance were different both in qualification as well as in quantum. Therefore different brands of the same medicine were truly different. Here Branding actually meant quality and a purer brand actually had purer active ingredient and lesser or less toxic impurities. Product patent regime will eliminate all this. Now, a patented drug would be manufactured using the same chemical route and would be manufactured by the inventor or his licentiates using the chemicals with same specifications. Therefore, all the brands of the same active ingredient would not have any difference in purity and impurities. The different brands would have to compete on the basis of non input-related innovations such as packaging, color, flavors, Excipients etc. This is the biggest change the environment is going to impose on the industry. The marketing effort would be now focused on logistics, communications, economy of operation, extra-ingredient innovations and of course pricing. 5. In Pharma industry there is a huge PSU segment which is chronically sick and highly inefficient. The Government puts the surpluses generated by efficient units into the price equalization account of inefficient units thereby unduly subsidizing them. On a long term basis this has made practically everybody inefficient. 6. Effective the January, 2005 the Government has shifted from charging the Excise Duty on the cost of manufacturing to the MRP thereby making the finished products more costly. Just for a few extra bucks the current government has made many a life saving drugs unaffordable to the poor. 7. The Government provides extra drawbacks to some units located in specified area, providing them with subsidies that are unfair to the rest of the industry, bringing in a skewed development of the industry. As a results Pharma units have come up at place unsuitable for a best cost manufacturing activity. (E)conomic Factors 1. India spends a very small proportion of its GDP on healthcare ( A mere 1% ). This has stunted the demand and therefore the growth of the industry. 2. Per capita income of an average Indian is low ( Rs. 12,890 ), therefore, spending on the healthcare takes a low priority. An Indian would visit a doctor only when there is an emergency. This has led to a mushrooming of unqualified doctors and spread of non-standardized medication. 3. The incidence of Taxes are very high. There is Excise Duty ( State Central), Custom Duty, Service Tax, Profession Tax, License Fees, Royalty, Pollution Clearance Tax, Hazardous substance (Storage Handling) license, income tax, Stamp Duty and a host of other levies and charges to be paid. On an average it amounts to no less than 40-45% of the costs. 4. The number of Registered Medical practitioners is low. As a result the reach of Pharmaceuticals is affected adversely. 5. There are only 50,00,000 Medical shops. Again this affects adversely the distribution of medicines and also adds to the distribution costs. 6. India is a high interest rate regime. Therefore the cost of funds is double that in America. This adds to the cost of goods. 7. Adequate storage and transportation facilities for special drugs is lacking. A study had indicated that nearly 60% of the Retail Chemists do not have adequate refrigeration facilities and store drugs under sub-optimal conditions. This affects the quality of the drugs administered and of course adds to the costs. 8. India has poor roads and rail network. Therefore, the transportation time is higher. This calls for higher inventory carrying costs and longer delivery time. All this adds to the invisible costs. Its only during the last couple of years that good quality highways have been constructed. (S)ocio-cultural Factors 1. Poverty and associated malnutrition dramatically exacerbate the incidence of Malaria and TB, preventable diseases that continue to play havoc in India decades after they were eradicated in other countries. 2. Poor Sanitation and polluted water sources prematurely end the life of about 1 million children under the age of five every year. 3. In India people prefer using household treatments handed down for generations for common ailments. 4. The use of magic/tantrics/ozhas/hakims is prevalent in India. 5. Increasing pollution is adding to the healthcare problem. 6. Smoking, gutka, drinking and poor oral hygiene is adding to the healthcare problem. 7. Large joint families transmit communicable diseases amongst the members. 8. Cattle-rearing encourage diseases communicated by animals. 9. Early child bearing affects the health standards of women and children. 10. Ignorance of inoculation and vaccination has prevented the eradication of diseases like polio, chicken-pox, small-pox, mumps and measles. 11. People dont go in for vaccination due superstitious beliefs and any sort of ailment is considered as a curse from God for sins committed. (T)echnological Factors 1. Advanced automated machines have increased the output and reduced the cost. 2. Computerization has increased the efficiency of the Pharma Industry. 3. Newer medication, molecules and active ingredients are being discovered. As of January 2005, the Government of India has more than 10,000 substances for patenting. 4. Ayurveda is a well recognized science and it is providing the industry with a cutting edge. 5. Advances in Bio-technology, Stem-cell research have given India a step forward. 6. Humano-Insulin, Hepatitis B vaccines, AIDS drugs and many such molecules have given the industry a pioneering status. 7. Newer drug delivery systems are the innovations of the day. 8. The huge unemployment in India prevents industries from going fully automatic as the Government as well as the Labor Unions voice complains against such establishments.

Essay examples --

QUES 1: â€Å"Good communication is key to success of any organization.† Justify your statement keeping in view the communication system followed by a bank. Communication is key for success for any organisation . Directing abilities of manager mainly depend upon his communication skills. That is why organization always emphasis on improving communication skills of manager as well as employees. Therefore communication can be defined as, â€Å" the process of exchange of information between two or more persons to reach a common understanding.†Communication is important and pervasive of all managerial activities . communication involves hearing which can’t be said. Communication is what listener do.It is the most important in leading any organization is crafting a strategic vision that achieves your organization’s goals and enhances its effectiveness. Turning this aspiration into a reality means creating and sustaining a unifying sense of purpose on the part of all people within your organization and communicating this vision to your outside audiences.Without effective communication, a message can turn to error, misunderstanding and hence it is interpreted wrongly.It is a process where we can accurately and clearly convey or thoughts and objectives.Communication is successful when both the sender and receiver understand the same information.Communication of ideas establishes a common ground of understanding. Ince the management is concerned with getting the work through others, it implies the manager must communicate with other people. To take decision communication is required.Communication is an exchange of facts , ideas and viewpoints which brings about commonnwss of interest , purpose and efforts.Communication is a sum of all things one p... ...hile conveying message to others , it is better to know the interests and needs of the people with whom you are communicating. 6. Ensure proper feedback- The communicator may ensure the success of communication by asking questions regarding the message conveyed. The receiver or communication may also be encouraged to respond to communication 7. Communicate for present as well as future- Generally , communication is needed to meet the existing commitment, to maintain consistency , the communicaton should aim at future goals of the enterprise also. 8. Follow up communications –There should be regular follow up and review on the instructions given to subordinates. 9. Be a good listener- Manager should be a good listener. Patient and attentive listening solves half of problems. Managers should also give indications of their interest in listening to their subordinates.

“Beloved” by Toni Morrison

â€Å"Beloved† by Toni Morrison discusses slavery’s deconstruction of identity as well as explores the emotional, physical and spiritual devastation caused by slavery. Toni Morrison assumes that former slaves are haunted by devastation even in their freedom. Thus he raises important themes, because the question of slavery is still under discussion. Moreover, â€Å"Beloved† is discussed in accordance with supernatural dimension. Therefore, the paper will discuss the negative impact of slavery on sense of self and self-alienation.Further, the paper aims at discussing main themes and motifs involved in â€Å"Beloved† as well as providing thorough examination of Morrison’s ideas and narrative style. The paper will progress through the methods of in-depth analysis and description. The purpose of the paper is to enlarge knowledge and to become more informed about slavery and community solidarity. Annotated Bibliography Badt, Karin. The Roots of the Body i n Toni Morrison: A Mater of â€Å"Ancient Properties†. Journal Title: African American Review, 29, 4 (1995): 567-576.The article discusses the ambivalence about maternal power and the uneasiness of the novel stating that Morrison's novels signify the mother and evoke the desire for her meet with a depressing end. Furthermore, the article defines renovation of the self and the African-American community and says that, according to Morrison, deadly sacrifice is required. The article may be used to examine the catharsis and renewal of former slaves and to provide overview of religious experience of reincarnating. Bennett, Juda. Toni Morrison and the Burden of the Passing Narrative. African American Review, 35, 2 (2001): 205-215.The article is devoted to examination of the passing myth, sometimes in only one or two paragraphs and often with indirection. Also the article emphasizes the contours of black identity throughout the novel and admits that the novel is important for histo ry. Actually, Morrison conveys a rather standard, albeit postmodern, suspicion of truth. Therefore, the article will be used to examine and analyze the identity of black community in the novel and to outline the historical significance of the novel. Drake, Kimberly. Toni Morrison: A Critical Companion. Contributors: Kimberly S. Drake – author. African American Review, 35, 2 (2001): 333-334.The article underlines interest in Morrison’s own texts’ blank spaces, in her usage of imagination and approach to her fiction. The article explains theoretically sophisticated concepts in a responsible and clear manner providing examination of novel in terms of identity development and Christian religious. Furthermore, the article discusses minor plot errors of the novel. Thus the article will be used to critically asses the novel and to analyze the concept of self as well as to discuss the role of the black community in identity development. Jones, Carolyn. â€Å"Sula† and â€Å"Beloved†: Images of Cain in the Novels of Toni Morrison.African American Review, 27, 4 (1993): 615-623. The article provides thorough comparison between Morrison’ â€Å"Sula† and â€Å"Beloved† to find out similarities in author’s style of narration and themes involved. Carolyn states that memory is the main essential category of the author and Morrison wants to â€Å"re-memory† meaning he wants to use moral imagination shape the events of one's life into story. The article will be used to provide in-depth analysis of author’s main themes and style of narration as well as to apply theoretical framework to the concept of identity deconstruction caused by slavery. Okoso, Yoshiko.Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu, Ed. the Toni Morrison Encyclopedia. African American Review, 38, 1 (2004): 168-174. The article examines narrative style of Morrison stating that she prefers to neither explain everything, nor to provide solutions or to resolv e every detail of the plot. Morrison’s works are filled with enigmatic, shifting and vibrant aspects being not merely an accompaniment, but a provider of essential background knowledge. Thus the article will be useful in analyzing the negative impact of slavery on sense of self and self-alienation and in providing in-depth examination of the author’s style and novel’s themes.Parrish, Tony. Imagining Slavery: Toni Morrison and Charles Johnson. Studies in American Fiction, 25, 1 (1997): 81-86. The article compares and contrasts theme of slavery and identity deconstruction in the novels of Morrison and Johnson providing similarities and differences. It is stated that â€Å"Beloved† has similarities with Johnson’s slavery novels, because both authors offer negative meaning of slavery and explore African-American identity. The article will be used to describe how African-American identity is involved in the novel and how it continues to be created nowad ays.Further, the article gives the opportunity to examine Morrison’ philosophy. Rubenstein, Roberta. Singing the Blues: Toni Morrison and Cultural Mourning. Mosaic, 31, 2 (1998): 147-156. The article examines Morrison’s imagery of dismemberment and stating that it is â€Å"trope for the profound damages inflicted on African Americans by the emotional dismemberments of slavery and its aftermath†. Further, the article touches symbolic figures and transfiguration and provides links between emotional/psychological and aesthetic/cultural losses.Therefore, the article will be used to examine novel’s symbolism and aesthetics as well as to define main novel’s motifs. West, Genevieve. Conner, Marc C. , Ed. the Aesthetics of Toni Morrison: Speaking the Unspeakable. Studies in the Novel, 35, 2 (2003): 272-275. The article examines the aesthetics of Morrison. The author provides the idea that Morrison has explicitly worked to distance herself from Western trad itions in favor of situating her writings within an African-American cultural and aesthetic tradition.Therefore, the article will be used to examine the aesthetics of â€Å"Beloved† and to develop two versions of the grotesque: emphasizing play, humor, and renewal; emphasizing alienation, estrangement, and terror. Works Cited Badt, Karin. The Roots of the Body in Toni Morrison: A Mater of â€Å"Ancient Properties†. Journal Title: African American Review, 29, 4 (1995): 567-576. Bennett, Juda. Toni Morrison and the Burden of the Passing Narrative. African American Review, 35, 2 (2001): 205-215. Drake, Kimberly. Toni Morrison: A Critical Companion. Contributors: Kimberly S. Drake – author. African American Review, 35, 2 (2001): 333-334.Jones, Carolyn. â€Å"Sula† and â€Å"Beloved†: Images of Cain in the Novels of Toni Morrison. African American Review, 27, 4 (1993): 615-623. Okoso, Yoshiko. Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu, Ed. the Toni Morrison Encyclopedia. African American Review, 38, 1 (2004): 168-174. Parrish, Tony. Imagining Slavery: Toni Morrison and Charles Johnson. Studies in American Fiction, 25, 1, 81-86. Rubenstein, Roberta. Singing the Blues: Toni Morrison and Cultural Mourning. Mosaic, 31, 2 (1998): 147-156. West, Genevieve. Conner, Marc C. , Ed. the Aesthetics of Toni Morrison: Speaking the Unspeakable. Studies in the Novel, 35, 2 (2003): 272-275.

Texas State House Bill 11 - 1979 Words

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